CLASS 03 · SAT READING & WRITING
Class Summary
Clause Connections Review and Verb Phrases
Class Recap
- 作业讲评：Extra Grammar 的 B15、B16；SAT Practice 30 的错题 Q1、Q4、Q5、Q8、Q18、Q30；SAT Practice 20 的错题 Q2、Q9、Q10、Q12、Q13、Q19。
- 重点：并列连词 (FANBOYS) 和从属连词 (subordinating conjunction) 的区别；IC 和 DC 的三种组合；先删修饰语再找主干；一个主语带两个动词。
- Grammar：Verb Phrases（动词短语）。
- 课后作业：Grammar · Verb Phrases（20 句）和 SAT Practice 30 · Clauses and Conjunctions。
Homework Corrections
Two Kinds of Conjunctions
| 并列连词 coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS) | 从属连词 subordinating conjunctions |
|---|---|
| for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so | while, because, although, when, if, since, before, after, unless, until |
| 连接两个同级的 IC：IC, FANBOYS IC | 放在 clause 前面，这个 clause 就降级成 DC，不能单独成句 |
- 一个连接处只用一个连接词：从属连词已经在连接，就不能再加 but、so、and。
- so 是 FANBOYS，不是从属连词。
- while 有两个意思：“当……的时候”和“然而”（对比）。
While many video game creators strive to make their graphics ever more lifelike, others look to the past.
SAT30 Q1：While … = DC；others look to the past = IC。DC, IC。
✗ While many video game creators strive to make their graphics ever more lifelike, but others look to the past.
While 和 but 不能同时用。
Because tree frogs have sticky pads on their toes, they can climb smooth surfaces such as glass.
SAT20 Q12：Because … = DC；they can climb = IC。
✗ Because tree frogs have sticky pads on their toes, so they can climb smooth surfaces such as glass.
because 和 so 不能同时用（不说“因为……所以……”）。
Three Ways to Use a DC
- DC 在前：DC, IC（逗号）。
- DC 在后：IC DC（不加标点）。主句在前，已经形成自然的分界。
- DC 不能单独成句，也不能放在分号后面。
When the position of a figure changes only slightly between photographs, the movement in the finished film appears smoother.
SAT30 Q5：DC, IC。
The students include the date beneath each image because the dates help viewers follow changes in the square over time.
SAT30 Q8：IC DC，不加标点。
The city closed the old bridge for two weeks because engineers needed time to repair the cables.
SAT20 Q2：IC DC。
✗ The city closed the old bridge for two weeks, and because engineers needed time to repair the cables.
and 和 because 不能同时用。
✗ The city closed the old bridge for two weeks; because engineers needed time to repair the cables.
分号后面必须是 IC。
Many students feel more alert in class when they have eaten a good breakfast.
SAT20 Q9：when 也是从属连词。
Joining Two ICs
- 两个 IC 只有三种连法：句号；分号；逗号 + FANBOYS。只用逗号 = comma splice；什么都不加 = run-on。
The angle of the dance shows the direction of the flowers; the length of time each waggle run lasts shows how far away they are.
SAT20 Q10：后半句主语 the length（of time each waggle run lasts 是修饰），动词 shows。
In 1919 Larrazolo was elected governor of New Mexico, and in 1928 he became the nation’s first Hispanic U.S. Senator.
SAT30 Q30：两边都是 IC，用逗号 + and。
Remove Modifiers First
- 句子长时，先把介词短语等修饰成分 (modifier) 拿掉，再找主语和动词。介词短语不影响句子的主干。
SAT20 Q13：去掉 Before / After construction 后，两边都有自己的主语和 was，是两个 IC，用句号。
One Subject, Two Verbs
- 一个主语做两个动作：两个动词之间用 and，不加标点。
I eat apples and drink water.
Painter Frida Kahlo often used the bright colors of Mexican folk art and included symbols from ancient Mexican cultures in her self-portraits.
SAT20 Q19：主语 Painter Frida Kahlo；动词 used … and included …
✗ Painter Frida Kahlo often used the bright colors of Mexican folk art, and included symbols …
and 后面没有新的主语，不加逗号。
There + Be and That Clauses
- there + be：表示“某处有某物”，是完整句。
- that 引导的从句修饰前面的名词（定语从句），不能单独成句。
There is an iPad in my house.
There were all kinds of wooden toys.
B15：S（完整句）。
✗ That the mysterious man had built.
B16：F。had built 后面也缺“建了什么”。
I live in a house that the mysterious man had built.
that 从句修饰 a house。
Verb Phrases
- verb phrase（动词短语）= main verb（主要动词）+ one or more helping verbs（助动词）。
- 常见助动词：be (am, is, are, was, were, been)；have (has, have, had)；do (does, did)；will, would, can, could, should, may, might, must。
- not、never 等插在中间的词不算 verb phrase。介词短语 (for a meet) 和时间词 (next month) 也不算。
Jillian has been swimming for four years.
has been = helping verbs；swimming = main verb（原形 swim）。
Jillian’s swim team is practicing for a meet.
is = helping verb；practicing = main verb；for a meet 是介词短语。
Her team will be competing next month.
will be = helping verbs；competing = main verb。
She has never missed a practice.
verb phrase 是 has missed；never 不算。
Review Tips
- 做题顺序：把选项放回句子 → 先拿掉介词短语等修饰语 → 说出空格两边的主语和动词，判断 IC / DC / phrase → 再选标点。
- 看到 while、because、when、although 等从属连词：这一部分是 DC。看到 FANBOYS：两边都要是 IC。
- 错题几乎都是同一类：because / when / while 从句和 IC 怎么连。做新题时先找从属连词。