CLASS 04 · SAT READING & WRITING
Class Summary
Verb Groups and Verb Forms
Class Recap
- SAT Practice 20 第 20 题（To do so …）：先删 modifier（修饰语），再找 subject（主语）和 verb（动词）。
- SAT Practice 30：30 题全对。
- Warm-Up：两句句子分析，subject–verb agreement（主谓一致）找核心主语；IC, so IC。
- Grammar · Verb Groups and Verb Forms 第 1 部分：helping verb（助动词）决定后面 verb 的 form（形式）；-ing 前面要有 be；not / never 不在 verb phrase 里；一个 subject 带两个 verb。
- 课后作业：SAT Practice 30 · Verb Forms and Sentence Structure；Grammar · Principal Parts and Regular Verbs。
Homework Corrections
SAT Practice 20 · Question 20
In modern plays, actors typically won’t acknowledge the audience. To do so breaks the fourth wall, a metaphorical barrier between actors and audiences that allows viewers to suspend the knowledge that they’re watching a staged performance.
- 逗号后面这一长串先删 modifier：that 引导的 clause 修饰 audiences；between actors and audiences 是 prepositional phrase（介词短语）；metaphorical 是 adjective（形容词）。
- 删完只剩 noun（名词）barrier，没有 verb，所以它不是 clause，而是解释 the fourth wall 的 noun phrase（名词短语）。
- breaks 带 -s，只有 verb 才有这种形式；breaks 前面需要 subject，To do so 就是它的 subject。To do so breaks the fourth wall 是 IC。
- 空格前 actors typically won’t acknowledge the audience 也是 IC。两个 IC 用 period（句号）分开。
✗ …acknowledge the audience, to do so breaks the fourth wall…
两个 IC 只用 comma（逗号）连接 = comma splice。
✗ …acknowledge the audience. As to do so breaks the fourth wall…
As 让后面变成 DC，DC 不能单独成句。
Warm-Up
Find the Head of the Subject
The girls on the volleyball team have not lost a game this season.
- verb phrase（动词组）是 have lost，main verb（主要动词）是 lost；not 不算。
- 用 have 不用 has，是因为 subject–verb agreement：去掉 prepositional phrase on the volleyball team，subject 的核心词是 girls（复数）。
- prepositional phrase 都是 modifier：at home、on the table、in the house、of the book。找 subject 前先把它们拿掉。
- a game 是 object（宾语）：lost 什么？a game。这是 S + V + O。
The box of old photos is in the closet.
核心词 box（单数）→ is；of old photos 是 prepositional phrase。
IC, so IC
The library closes at five, so we usually study at home.
- 两个 subject（the library、we），两个 verb（closes、study）→ 两个 IC，用 comma + FANBOYS（so）连接。
- usually 是 frequency adverb（频率副词），at five、at home 是 prepositional phrase：都是 modifier，删掉不影响主干。
Verb Groups and Verb Forms
Helping Verb + Form
- helping verb 决定后面那个 verb 的 form。helping verb 主要管时态、能力、可能性这些功能，句子的实际意思在 main verb 上。
| helping verb | 后面的 form | example |
|---|---|---|
| can, will, should, must …（modal verb，情态动词） | base form（原形） | Our coach can explain the new rule. |
| have, has, had | past participle（过去分词） | The team has practiced every afternoon. |
| am, is, are, was, were | -ing（present participle，现在分词） | The players are practicing now. |
| am, is, are, was, were | past participle（被动：“被……”） | The field was cleaned after the game. |
| do, does, did | base form | The new player did not miss a practice. |
The team has practiced every afternoon.
present perfect（现在完成时）：到现在为止一直有练习的习惯。
The team practiced every afternoon.
只说过去练习过。
Four Forms of a Verb
| base form | present participle | past | past participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| practice | (is) practicing | practiced | (has) practiced |
| clean | (is) cleaning | cleaned | (was / has) cleaned |
| take | (is) taking | took | (has) taken |
| be | (is) being | was, were | (has) been |
- regular verb 的 past 和 past participle 都加 -ed；irregular verb（如 take、be）要单独记。
-ing Needs Be
- -ing 前面没有 be，就不是完整的 verb phrase，句子是 fragment（不完整句）。
- be 的形式：现在 am, is, are；过去 was, were。
✗ The players practicing after school yesterday.
没有 be，practicing 不能单独做 verb。
The players were practicing after school yesterday.
The players practiced after school yesterday.
Not and Never
- not、never 不属于 verb phrase。变成肯定句时只把 not / never 去掉。
- do / did 是 auxiliary verb（助动词），平常只在否定句和疑问句里出现；肯定句里去掉 did，时态回到 main verb 上。
- 只有 verb 能带时态：missed 带过去时，player 不能。
Our team has never lost at home.
肯定句：Our team has lost at home.
The new player did not miss a practice.
肯定句：The new player missed a practice.
✗ The new player did miss a practice.
肯定句里不要保留 did。
One Subject, Two Verbs
- 一个 subject 做两个动作：S + [V1 + O1] and [V2 + O2]。and 前不加标点，and 后面的 verb 也要是 finite verb（限定性动词），和第一个 verb 同一个 form。
- 先找 subject：subject 在 verb 前面，是 noun。checked 的 object 是 the field，called 的 object 是 the players。
The captain checked the field and called the players.
✗ The captain checked the field and calling the players.
calling 不是 finite verb。
Our school band has performed at three games this year.
has + past participle。
Review Tips
- 看到一个空格在 verb 位置：先看前面有没有 helping verb，再按上面的表选 form。
- 找 subject 时先删 prepositional phrase，剩下的核心 noun 决定 verb 用单数还是复数。
- 长句先删 modifier，再判断每一边有没有自己的 subject 和 verb，最后选标点。
- 做作业不查字典、不用 AI 工具，记下用时；有疑问的题在旁边标出来，上课一起看。